The 630 greenhouses of Europe

Named "Zielony Raj" (Green Paradise) by public vote, it holds Poland's largest citrus collection.

A subtropical garden planted in the ruined rooms of a Welsh mansion, under a glass atrium completed in 2005.

Beneath a UV-permeable ETFE roof, a Congo jungle where manatees and free-flying birds share dense tropical vegetation.

Supplied by Messenger in 1907, this timber-and-glass conservatory reopened in 2023 after a £460,000 restoration.

Opened in 1963 as the world's largest big cat house, it is built around a tropical hall rising to 16 metres.

Schönbrunn's first palm house was bricked up as a film and television studio before its glass facade was reinstated in 2009.

A small orangery of 1844, built by the merchant Wasenius and restored in 1999-2001, now home to a collection of old pelargoniums.

A Todea barbara fern, already called a thousand years old in 1879, is the sole survivor of this sunken glasshouse's original collection.

The tracks of Madrid's old Mediodía station, opened in 1892, gave way in 1992 to a forest of palms beneath the glass roof.

It is described as the second-largest Victorian glasshouse in the United Kingdom, after the Temperate House at Kew.

Designed in 1854 by Alphonse Balat for giant water lilies, this octagonal glasshouse was moved twice before reaching Meise.

An indoor rainforest perched on level 3 of the Barbican, built to wrap around the theatre's fly tower.

Beneath the plaster of this Baroque orangery, the 2019-2020 restoration brought eighteenth-century wall paintings back to light.

The last survivor of the grand imperial glasshouses of 1884, this twelve-sided house was built for the giant Victoria water lily and remains unique in France.

Closed in 2005, this 1879 conservatory was rescued by a volunteer charity and reopened to the public in July 2016.

A Thai-style butterfly house whose glazed tropical garden of over 900 m² holds up to 2,000 free-flying butterflies.

A Victorian fernery built against a cliff face, left in ruins for about a century before its revival in 2009.

Born of a fuchsia garden, a butterfly garden opened in 1997 in a small single-glazed greenhouse and grew into a tropical zoo.

Some 1,500 tropical plants gathered on 600 m² around a pool where the giant water lily Victoria cruziana blooms.

Under 964 triangular ETFE fields, a hall 36 m high has held about 13,000 tropical plants since July 2026.

A 20-metre glass bubble hanging over the water of Genoa's old harbour shelters a miniature tropical rainforest.

The former flower hall of the 2001 Federal Garden Show, set between the earthworks of a military site and turned into a rainforest in 2002.

A Victorian reptile house of 1883, turned in 2008 into a tropical forest walk-through under a partly glazed roof.

A 106-metre lemon house built in 1777-1778 to shelter about 500 potted citrus trees descended from Medicean cultivars.

Bought in 2018 by light artist Kari Kola, this former university garden hosts what it calls the world's northernmost tropical butterfly garden.

Three greenhouses with different climates in a municipal botanical garden dating from 1842, renovated in 2003 in the spirit of 1845 glasshouses.

Three new glasshouses opened in 2022 recall the palm house destroyed in the war, in Germany's oldest university botanical garden.

The first fully enclosed rainforest at this scale, since imitated by zoos around the world.

Under a roof of air cushions, this 7,500 m² covered rock desert recreates the Sonoran and Mojave deserts.

A 60-metre ETFE-clad dome shelters the world's largest indoor mangrove, complete with simulated tides and manatees.

An art nouveau glasshouse built for the imperial court, now divided between a restaurant, a butterfly house and a public glasshouse.

A 600 m² tropical greenhouse opened in 1989 and now run as a sheltered workshop for people with intellectual disabilities.

Its cacti and succulents make up what the garden describes as Europe's second-largest such collection, after Monaco's.

In the 1990s the collection was saved from the cold by wagonloads of coal received as payment for research on mine spoil heaps.

A cactus and succulent glasshouse in the walled garden of a north London estate, run in partnership with the British Cactus and Succulent Society.

Nineteen camellias, counted among the oldest in the Western world, survived in this Georgian pavilion rescued from dereliction.

A glasshouse of 1823 whose cast-iron Doric columns double as rainwater downpipes.

Built in 1914-1915 for a merchant who made his fortune in the Dutch East Indies, it is one of the oldest surviving botanical glasshouses in the Netherlands.

In a village levelled by the 1976 earthquake, three tropical greenhouses of about 1,000 m² hold more than a thousand free-flying butterflies.

Darwin spent sixteen years here feeding sundews roast beef and boiled egg, the research behind his book Insectivorous Plants (1875).

It holds direct descendants of the bananas and giant water lily that Joseph Paxton grew here in the nineteenth century.

In a school garden founded in 1898, a 500 m² Tropenhaus holds some 800 tropical species, with free admission.

Its camellia collection, with plants thought to date back to 1828, is one of the oldest in Europe grown under glass.

The tropical glasshouses of Moldova's national botanical garden, in the heart of Chișinău.

A round iron-and-glass greenhouse built under Pedro V, once a winter garden for exotic plants and now awaiting rehabilitation.

A Victorian glasshouse demolished and rebuilt in 2017 on its original footprint, with a central dome and a cactus collection.

A Canary Island date palm more than 145 years old grows in the palm house, beside an oil palm.

A 380 m² glasshouse, up to 8 m high, growing more than 120 tropical and subtropical species, nearly half of them medicinal.

In the courtyard of a Second Empire fort, 3,000 m² of collection greenhouses hold, among much else, more than 430 begonia varieties.

Five parallel glasshouses of 1907, first heated by a coal-fired boiler, linked by a glazed corridor to an orangery of 1768.

A structural-glass prism holding some 5,000 tropical butterflies, set on the site of the old greenhouses of a Tuscan baroque garden.

A Gothic Revival conservatory and orangery designed around 1957 by a French cultural historian form the entrance to the walled garden.

A conservatory rebuilt in 2012 on the model of the 1925 one, topped by the heron and eel emblem of the Chichester family.

The dome of the same Richard Turner who designed Kew's Palm House.

Named after Ethiopia's Danakil Desert, it leads visitors along a watercourse from a 1,250 m² desert into a tropical rainforest.

Beneath more than 3,000 m² of ETFE cushions, the Darwineum's tropical hall is home to Rostock Zoo's gorillas and orangutans.

One of Europe's largest indoor gardens, rebuilt in 1970 after gales destroyed the Victorian palm house of 1899.

Two glass towers of 1928-1929 built for a Berlin school garden, where the 'Königin der Nacht' cactus bloomed for one night a year.

In Würzburg's botanical garden, founded in 1696, the tropical house leads visitors round six habitats, from lowland forest to the arid lands of Madagascar.

An orangery almost 90 m long whose north façade carries painted trompe-l'œil architecture, recreated between 2020 and 2024.

A glazed tropical garden beside Icod's famous Drago Milenario, where more than 800 exotic butterflies fly freely.

The first public greenhouse in the Netherlands to be heated without gas, through a heat-and-cold exchange with the neighbouring H'ART Museum.

A tropical hall of about 4,500 m² under a translucent envelope, where orangutans and birds live among banana plants and rubber trees.

A dead clay pit reborn as a rainforest under bubbles.

Certified by Guinness World Records in 2026 as the world's largest tropical greenhouse: 40,447 m² under glass.

Eight teaching greenhouses, four cool and four warm, in the garden bequeathed to Tourcoing by wool spinner Émile Leplat.

A 1936 bequest for a Mediterranean 'winter garden', realised in 1995 and honoured with the European Steel Design Award.

A translucent-walled greenhouse of about 240 m² where blue morphos fly, in an Eifel village that grew out of the iron industry.

A 38 m glass dome opened in 2020: a steel frame of about 1,000 tonnes shelters an equatorial forest and close to 25,000 animals.

A brutalist glasshouse of 1970 with a flower-petal plan, set on three concrete piers, likened to the Barbican conservatory in London.

Three glass domes, the tallest rising 30 m, shelter more than 1,300 orchid species in the old town of Estepona.

A greenhouse without a single pane of glass, built inside an abandoned quarry.

An unheated 4,000 m² cold greenhouse whose climate relies on orientation, glazing and angled concrete louvres.

A listed 1955 swimming hall, its glass fronts kept, turned in 2015 into a tropical hall where birds and monkeys roam unfenced.

A renovated Victorian glasshouse by Mackenzie & Moncur, home to what the Trust calls Scotland's most comprehensive pelargonium collection.

The conservatory of a Guinness mansion that became the Irish State's guest house, completely re-glazed by the OPW.

An S-shaped ribbon 130 metres long, backed by the rock of the Troja hillside, running through three tropical climates.

A translucent geodesic dome shelters a collection of tender ferns in a sunken garden in Wester Ross.

A tall Victorian fernery built in 1859 for New Zealand tree ferns, linked to a conservatory of 1818.

An 1880 palm house whose iron frame was made in Gustave Eiffel's workshops in Paris.

An 1835 fig house whose glazed roof rolls away on rails into the slope behind it, the only working example left in the Czech Republic.

Free-flying tropical butterflies in the glasshouses of a former royal kitchen garden founded by Gustav III in 1785.

According to the castle, the walled garden moved in 1857 still has its original vinery range, growing grapes, figs and peaches.

The listed palm house of 1927-1930 shelters some 70 palm species, including specimens over a century old that came from Moravian castle greenhouses.

Heligan describes the pineapple pit in its Melon Yard as the only working manure-heated pineapple pit left in the UK.

Its founding collections came from Germany after the war: a first train of 48 wagons carried 10,660 tropical plants.

A 70-foot Foster & Pearson glasshouse set in a three-walled kitchen garden in the 1920s and since restored by the National Trust.

In the walled garden where Fox Talbot grew tender plants under glass, a white glasshouse rebuilt in 2003–2008 on the site of a 19th-century one.

A restaurant laid out between the tomato rows of a geothermally heated greenhouse on Iceland's Golden Circle.

Billed as Germany's first butterfly garden: a 450 m² glazed tropical house on the Bismarck family estate east of Hamburg.

At the centre of Mount Congreve's walled garden, a Georgian glasshouse with a double-height palm house and propagation wings, now under restoration.

Three great halls and eleven smaller houses modelled on Frankfurt's Palmengarten, crowned by a palm-house dome more than 20 m high.

A glasshouse complex rebuilt in 1979-1984 on the foundations of the nineteenth-century houses, where the titan arum flowers from time to time.

Five biomes under glass, in the world's oldest university botanical garden.

A 1902 coal washery turned into a 35-metre glass elephant, with a palm garden inside its head.

In 2004 the first flowering of its titan arum was broadcast live online and watched by more than half a million people.

A long glasshouse rebuilt in 2011 on the footprint of the one where Reginald Cory grew his tender plants, with cactus and orchid houses.

A group of glasshouses of 1856–1857, listed Category B, in the gardens of the royal castle, with a conservatory built for the 2002 Golden Jubilee.

Below Münster's palace, a listed classical orangery of 1840 stands beside ten glasshouses rebuilt after wartime destruction.

An orangery from the reign of Stanisław August, a former "trebhauz" for forcing plants, stands beside a palm house opened in 2005.

Closed in 2006 and demolished in 2013, the palm house first built in 1823 is being reborn as a 13-metre, triple-glazed glasshouse.

Its 1876 Victoria house is the only original house of its kind left in Germany and the third oldest of the five that survive.

Seven glasshouses shelter Lord Milo Talbot's southern-hemisphere collection, around a domed Victorian conservatory moved from a convent.

Endangered cycads (Cycas zeylanica) planted in the 1860s grew right up to the roof and prompted a new palm house 3 metres taller.

Four glasshouses built between 1952 and 1983 keep some 2,000 tropical taxa alive on the edge of the Urals.

Rebuilt after the Allied bombing of 14 February 1945, these university glasshouses shelter a Cycas circinalis more than 130 years old.

One house recreates the daily temperature swing of tropical high mountains; an Ethiopian giant lobelia flowered there in 1999, a first in cultivation.

On the north side of Erlangen's Schlossgarten, a 1960s glasshouse complex sets lowland and montane rainforest beside mangroves and cacti.

Four public glasshouses of the 1970s replaced those built by Louis Cloquet when the garden moved here in 1903.

The glasshouses of Germany's second-oldest botanical garden, founded in 1586 and for decades overseen by Goethe.

Two classicist glasshouses of the 1840s frame the entrance to a 17th-century garden on the World Heritage List.

Their cactus collection was recognised by the IOS in 1963 as Europe's fourth conservation and type-plant collection.

A giant water lily flowered here as early as 1926 in a makeshift sunken greenhouse; five tunnel-shaped glasshouses took over in 1997.

At 67°38′ N, beyond the Arctic Circle, its glasshouses grow tropical plants in Russia's northernmost botanical garden.

Three glasshouses in a row from west to east, from tropical useful plants to Madagascan succulents and a lush subtropical house.

Built in 1857 as a Victorian-style orangery, the fern house has held since 1910 a collection raised from spores gathered around the world.

Its glasshouses keep some 11,000 cacti, presented as the largest such collection in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Rebuilt in 2018, the Victoria cruziana house shelters a giant water lily that flowers on only two nights a year.

A glasshouse complex built in 1922 to study tropical plants of industrial use, centred on the large Van Iterson house.

Wrecked by the bombing of February 1945, the glasshouses of Dresden's botanical garden were rebuilt between 1975 and 1981 beside the Großer Garten.

Three intersecting parabolic cylinders of acrylic glass, designed by Volker Giencke and opened in 1995.

Built in 1908-1912 for the royal nursery of Sanssouci, these glasshouses shelter two dwarf palms some 140 years old from the former court nursery.

A Georgian walled garden whose fig, melon, tomato and pineapple houses have been brought back since 2000, with their heating tunnels.

Built in 1852 partly to house the giant waterlily Victoria amazonica, the Tropical House is laid out around a raised circular pool.

Founded in 1673, the garden is thought to have had England's first heated glasshouse; its 1902 teak glasshouses reopened in 2023.

The tank of the water lily house, built in 1851 in the wake of Paxton's success with Victoria, is the oldest part of the glasshouses.

Four landscaped glasshouses, tropical, temperate, economic and arid, replaced the wooden houses of the educational garden Swansea opened in 1926.

The first university botanic garden created in the UK for nearly forty years, with a glasshouse where the giant water lily flowers.

A 1903 lean-to glasshouse, rebuilt in 2006, in the walled garden of an Arts and Crafts villa that became a university botanic garden.

Three Canary Island date palms planted for the 1924 exhibition still grow under the same roof, through two complete rebuilds.

Beneath a roof spanning 154 m, boats follow the Gamanil river through the forests of three continents.

A 4,000 m² tropical glasshouse built when the Vincennes zoo was entirely reconstructed and reopened in April 2014.

Rohault de Fleury's two cast-iron and glass pavilions, designed from 1834, mark the beginning of metal architecture in France.

Eight Foster & Pearson glasshouses, left derelict then rebuilt in timber in 2013-2014 with over a million pounds of heritage lottery money.

Its listing describes it as the first metal horticultural structure of any importance, completed around 1830.

Designed by Foster and Partners, the world's largest single-span glasshouse gathers plants from all six Mediterranean-climate regions.

One of the earliest examples of iron architecture in Portugal, restored and reopened after decades of partial closure.

Nicknamed the 'cathedral of glass and steel', they hold a cycad planted at the 1883 opening — the botanical garden's oldest resident.

One of Europe's largest single-span glasshouses, with no intermediate supports, nicknamed the "Green Diamond".

A glasshouse built in 1969 over its predecessor so as not to disturb a vine planted in 1768 under Capability Brown's direction.

Built in Torquay and shipped by barge to Norfolk, it is the last Victorian cast-iron and glass seaside winter garden in the country.

A rainforest hall under a dome of ETFE cushions, set above a 500,000-litre oceanarium crossed by a glazed corridor.

A metal greenhouse with a glazed dome, built by the city of Tarbes in place of the winter garden Placide Massey had planned.

A 5,500 m² greenhouse complex crowned by a circular, 17-metre-high Palmarium built in 1974.

A glass octagon where rainforest, African succulents and citrus trees have coexisted since 2007.

Begun in 1902 for the German Colonial School, Witzenhausen's collection of tropical crops has filled a 1,200 m² glasshouse since 1966.

A cast-iron and glass greenhouse shaped like an upturned hull, rescued from abandonment by an association that now grows water lilies in it.

Beneath a 24-metre glass roof, a century-old Canary Island date palm and bunya pine have come through the winters of war.

A large glazed greenhouse shelters, in an 8,000 m² garden, about 11,000 cacti and succulents of 2,200 to 2,500 species.

Iron-and-glass greenhouses with three domed pavilions, bombed in 1944 and replaced by concrete houses that now shelter cacti.

Two 19th-century iron greenhouses built to acclimatise warm-climate plants in stages: one boiler-heated, the other warmed by the sun.

A café, a plant shop and a party venue under glass, in the biodynamic garden of Djurgården that inherits a nineteenth-century gardeners' school.

Twelve greenhouses covering 2,200 m² keep more than 80 species inherited from the royal collection, including azaleas from Tsar Ferdinand's greenhouses.

Four iron-and-glass greenhouses, rebuilt on their eighteenth-century foundations, once again grow pineapples at Queluz.

Two glasshouses created by Jacques Garcia: one holds 600 to 800 orchid varieties, the other tree ferns, in the "Norman Versailles".

Some 2,000 species of useful tropical and subtropical plants and a national collection of 164 citrus, in a Prague faculty's greenhouses.

A row of glasshouses more than 160 m long fronts Via Micheli, in one of the world's oldest botanical gardens, founded in 1545.

Rose houses, a 1935 pot-plant house and a 1965 wide-span house trace the rise of flower growing south of Amsterdam.

The Viennese palm house of 1882, demolished in 1969, was rebuilt in 2025 on its original foundations in Poland's oldest botanic garden.

A university botanical garden founded in 1796 and reopened in 2008, whose greenhouses cover humid rainforest, succulents and carnivorous plants.

Nineteenth-century collection houses, renovated since 2007 around South African flora, tropical understory and useful tropical plants.

A neoclassical great greenhouse of 1836 and a tropical house that held 2,252 plants from 60 families, set beside the Loire.

A Palmarium opened in 1896 under a 10 m dome, and a salvaged winter garden that now shelters the cactus collection.

A cast-iron and glass central greenhouse of 1839-1842, listed in 1975, extended by seven houses of 1884 and tropical houses of 1936.

An orchid collection founded in 1838 and grown by the French Senate in a house of seven 'chapels', each with its own climate.

Victorian-style glasshouses whose two 17-metre rotundas were destroyed by a flying bomb on 24 December 1944.

Iron glasshouses born of Metz's 1861 exhibition, moved into the botanical garden and the subject of a restoration programme since 2017.

The Serra Monumentale, built by the Lyon firm Mathian in 1877, stands in the former grounds of Queen Christina of Sweden's palace.

A greenhouse of 1826 with large glazed facades, the garden's first heated one, paid for by sales from its plant nursery.

Four greenhouses grouped at the centre of the university botanical garden founded in 1543, the tropical house re-presented in 2018 with 150 species.

The two greenhouses of the scientist Emmanuel Liais, once head of Rio's imperial observatory, hold 4,000 varieties of rare plants.

In the warm pavilion of the American greenhouses, a walkway enters 3 m above the ground and climbs to a 5 m lookout over tropical fruit trees.

Six greenhouses of different heights, grouped by climate, hold palms, orchids and more than 300 species of cacti and cactus-like euphorbias.

Tropicana, a 910 m² glasshouse over 15 m high, welcomed the public in 2024 after the garden had been closed for four years.

An Ironhouse with soft-green glass, a carnation house of 1915 and three pits of 1891, all listed, in a Dutch castle's walled kitchen garden.

The teaching greenhouses of the horticultural school founded by Haussmann in 1867 have opened to visitors one afternoon a week since 2023.

Two glass domes seen from afar, the Palmar and the Acvariu, shelter palms, banana plants and the giant water lily Victoria amazonica.

Commissioned in 1822 by Elector William II, it ranks among the earliest iron-and-glass structures in Europe.

A 400 m² main glasshouse and two satellite houses, opened in 2007 on the former Stadtgärtnerei site, north of the Elisenturm.

A permanent equatorial microclimate since 1907.

A listed tropical house of 1872-1873 standing beside an observatory of 1788, in what was Prussia's first medicinal garden.

Born of the plant collection of industrialist Hermann Gruson, given to Magdeburg in 1895, they still grow a golden barrel cactus about 150 years old.

A Victorian timber-and-glass conservatory with stained-glass panels by R. Halliday & Co., one of the few by that maker still standing, restored from 2021.

A 2,000 m² greenhouse holds over 200 citrus varieties, from Medici-era cultivars of the 1500s to selections from the southern hemisphere.

A Viennese glasshouse with a 15-metre dome, dismantled in Vienna and re-erected in 1895 in the baroque park of Valeč.

A rare survivor of the late 19th century, its riveted-steel palm house of 1886 is protected as a monument of national importance.

Two 1910-1911 kitchen-garden greenhouses, saved from demolition near Utrecht and rebuilt at the foot of a water tower turned hotel-restaurant.

A museum garden where old greenhouses, salvaged from across the Westland, tell the story of the Netherlands' 'glass city'.

A Mechelen greenhouse of 1946, a post-war nursery greenhouse and a Venlo-type house, rebuilt in a vegetable museum and protected as a monument.

Alexandre de Riquer's floral panels, hidden under paint for decades, were brought back to light in 2023.

In this 1961 glasshouse, successor to an 1860 palm house on cast-iron pillars, the giant water lily has flowered regularly since 1965.

A hot greenhouse of about 1930 with a glass roof on an exposed metal frame, in Lawrence Johnston's acclimatisation garden at Menton.

Opened in 2004 beneath an elliptical glass dome, this pavilion was at the time the most expensive project in the history of Czech zoos.

A lean-to glasshouse thought to date from 1853, with pelargoniums in one house and figs, grapes and peaches in the other.

A small cast-iron glasshouse of 1856 and a large exhibition greenhouse of 1993 stand side by side on the upper terrace of Charles III's garden.

A Grade II* glasshouse of about 1809-1812, an early use of rolled wrought iron; the estate counts it among three or four surviving iron glasshouses.

The City of Paris's greenhouse garden, where plants for municipal buildings were once produced.

A 54-tonne glasshouse on rails, rolled every autumn over a camellia planted in 1801.

A princely orangery that served as both a summer residence and a citrus house.

Built on the shores of Loch Long, this Victorian glasshouse was taken apart and carried by barge up the Clyde to Glasgow.

A Victorian vinery, from a range of glasshouses first built in 1879, rebuilt on a new timber frame in a restored kitchen garden.

Described as the longest wall glasshouse in the Netherlands: 67.5 m of brick and glass at the back of a moated kitchen garden.

A dome of 630 triangles, 18 m high and free of interior supports, devoted to the floras of Mediterranean-type climates.

A Victorian garden that once had 21 glasshouses heated by 1,524 m of pipes, two of which have been rebuilt by the abbey's nuns.

Three camellias planted, according to Wikipedia, around 1825: the oldest camellias standing together north of the Alps, under the glass of a castle greenhouse.

The whole roof apex of the small glasshouse lifts by a lever, a ventilation system the NTS knows of nowhere else.

Three listed steel-and-glass houses opened in 1976, reaching down the slope of the Aare valley in Bern.

Commissioned in 1842 by the Prince of Liechtenstein, this 92 m nave of cast iron and glass carries some 65,000 scale-shaped panes.

A Liberty-style glasshouse of 1931, commissioned by a marchesa and modelled on the iron-and-glass conservatories of 19th-century France and England.

A lakeside lemon garden dating from 1750, still roofed each winter with numbered boards and glazed panels.

An early 18th-century lemon house whose white pillars carried boards and glass panes from November to March.

According to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the first public glasshouse in the UK heated entirely by green energy.

Inaugurated in May 2009 in the presence of Loki Schmidt, they replaced the old Doberaner Straße glasshouses, closed for disrepair.

A renovated glasshouse in the old kitchen garden of a Tudor manor, where hundreds of tropical butterflies have flown at 28 °C since July 2024.

A fragment of Tanzania's Udzungwa mountain forest recreated under glass at 30 °C in a science museum designed by Renzo Piano.

A restored Victorian glasshouse by Mackenzie & Moncur whose cast-iron pipes and floor grilles still warm seedlings after more than a century.

A restored Victorian Mackenzie & Moncur glasshouse in one of Britain's largest walled kitchen gardens, where tomatoes ripen in summer.

A Regency-style lean-to glasshouse by Mackenzie & Moncur, listed Category B, in an 1811 walled garden where fuchsias and pelargoniums fill the summer.

Eleven glasshouse compartments in a row hold one of the most extensive begonia collections in the world.

An entire Madagascan rainforest under a single arched roof.

Built in 1860 by Eugène Mazel for his most tender species, these glasshouses now hold tropical plants and temporary exhibitions.

An elliptical dome of ETFE cushions, heated by geothermal energy, has housed giant otters, tapirs and howler monkeys since 2023.

A 630 m² rainforest cooled with groundwater, set in a holm-oak wood in the Salento peninsula.

Monk's House conservatory holds the cactus and succulent collection that Leonard Woolf built up over nearly thirty years.

Designed in 1859 by Sebastià Monleón, this iron-and-glass house is presented as the first building in Spain constructed with those materials.

The UK's largest indoor zoo habitat, gutted by fire in 2018 and replanted with more than 2,600 new plants and trees.

A glazed winter garden built with the neo-Gothic wing of a fairy-tale castle, still home to a ficus more than 70 years old.

Set on piles in former marshland, this greenhouse with a central palm house has a glass roof of panes overlapping like fish scales.

This neo-Gothic orangery of 1853 bears a coat of arms designed by Josef Mánes, and citrus trees are still grown in it.

The second orangery of Łazienki, built in 1860-1861: its glazed hall with cast-iron columns holds tropical plants and the Belvedere restaurant.

A glass and stainless-steel tube nearly 90 metres long, designed by Eva Jiřičná against the Renaissance wall of the Royal Garden.

A fully glazed pavilion: the museum's citrus, laurel and olive trees in the upper part, an educational space opened in 2019 in the lower part.

Designed in 1804 for the oldest university botanical garden still on its original site, they were brought back to life in 2019.

An 1870 winter garden moved in 1982 from a vermouth family's estate, closed since 2004 and awaiting restoration.

Four thematic greenhouses of about 2,300 m² bring together nearly 3,000 species from three major biomes on the Sart-Tilman university campus.

The east wing of this neoclassical orangery still houses the court theatre built for Stanisław II August, opened on 6 September 1788.

A slightly twisted 24-metre glass cylinder was built for a date palm about 180 years old that had outgrown the roof of the old orangery.

Ukraine's oldest botanical garden (1804) keeps orangeries of about 1,000 m² for some 3,000 tropical and subtropical taxa.

Two glazed orangeries, tropical and subtropical, opened in Kemerovo in 2018 and hold over 1,000 species under ceilings 11 to 13 m high.

Its great palm house, said to be the tallest in Saint Petersburg, shelters plants that lived through the Siege of Leningrad.

Four glasshouses covering 1,064 m² hold the largest collection of tropical and subtropical plants in southern Russia.

Founded in 1927, the garden grows orchids, palms, citrus and coffee in two orangeries, one tropical and one subtropical.

The last and largest palace built in Sanssouci Park, whose two side halls still shelter more than 1,000 potted plants each winter.

Under a glass roof about 30 m high, a tropical collection with national-heritage status, kept warm through the war.

In France's oldest botanical garden, an orangery of 1806 with thirteen glazed bays and a Martins greenhouse of 1860 devoted to cacti and succulents.

Its gardeners grew bananas, papayas and pineapples here, and one pineapple variety, 'Ripley Queen', still carries the estate's name.

A winter garden of cast iron and glass whose waterfall grotto is presented as the only one preserved in a Czech greenhouse.

A classicist orangery flanked by glasshouses, built in 1821–1823 by the Prince of Orange's court architect and protected since 1976.

Opened in 1958 with VDNH as a floriculture pavilion, the orangery still holds palms, mandarins and lemon trees in its three halls.

Under the glass of a 1990 university greenhouse, a 40-year-old agave stands among palms, cacti and aloes in central Poltava.

In the orangery of Uzhhorod University, renovated since 2000, banana plants touch the ceiling and camellias flower in February.

Grown from two small 1950s glasshouses whose walls still show inside, it holds Russia's largest collection of Cymbidium orchids.

Under a steel-framed glass roof that is costly to heat, the Kryvyi Rih garden brings azaleas and camellias into flower in late winter.

The orangery of composer Michał Kleofas Ogiński's palace, where more than 200 species grow again, among them citrus, olive and fig.

Designed by Hardouin-Mansart to shelter more than a thousand of Louis XIV's orange trees in winter.

A banana plant has broken the roof glazing several times and has to be cut back, which stops it from fruiting.

A Victorian orangery recreated in 2013 in timber and glass, housing three orange trees that the National Trust says are over 300 years old.

The president of the young Republic of Lithuania personally laid the cornerstone of this orangery, which went on to become the country's largest greenhouse.

The last survivor of Lord Armstrong's glasshouses, it grew fruit trees in pots set on turntables so that every side could be turned to the sun.

The orchid house of Duncombe Park's kitchen garden, where a head gardener devised a way of glazing without putty.

An island orchid house built to take in a Finnish family's gift of some 7,000 orchid plants.

Two lean-to glasshouses built in 1854 to show exotic plants in the walled garden of Victoria and Albert's family home.

The only survivor of a once-vast glasshouse complex, an iron-and-glass grape house still bears vines about a century old.

A timber-and-glass conservatory against Overbeck's house, where the National Trust cites cacti and succulents more than two metres tall.

A colonial-era greenhouse turned cathedral of contemporary art.

A former Madrid livestock-market hall with a riveted steel frame, converted in 1992 into a 7,100 m² greenhouse with four climates.

A circular cast-iron horticultural greenhouse under a glass rotunda, listed together with its neo-Moorish Lille palace of 1879.

Marked for demolition in 1921, the Fürstenbergs' palm house was saved by Masaryk and Plečnik, who added a new wing in 1923.

Since 1820 this Empire-style greenhouse has overwintered the citrus, olive, palm and oleander trees that adorn the château in summer.

A scaled-down echo of the Schönbrunn palm house, built in 1894 for Count Erwin Schlik and now tended by a horticultural school.

Russia's oldest botanical garden shelters, beneath its glasshouse, a cycad over two centuries old, brought back around 1807.

The technical cradle of every great glasshouse that followed.

One of the oldest surviving examples of a curvilinear cast-iron glasshouse, whitewashed every summer to protect the plants.

Paid for by Lord Ashton opposite the Ashton Memorial, this Edwardian palm house is now a tropical butterfly house.

In the 1964 spa house, palms more than ten metres tall grow in the pavilion of the mineral-water pump room; the oldest is dated 1903.

Designed by two figures of Estonian postmodern architecture, this glass tower was once a nominee for best concrete-and-glass building of the year.

A two-level greenhouse with largely glazed walls, where tropical plants, aquariums and terrariums recall the lost neo-Gothic orangery.

Open to the public since 2024, Kozel's palm house holds palms several metres tall and remnants of a noble plant collection.

On a site in continuous use since 1806, a 22-metre palm house shelters more than fifty palm species, some over a century old.

Famous across Europe by 1986, its cactus collection now spans more than 150 genera and some 2,500 species, subspecies, varieties and forms.

Built around 1825, some twenty years before Kew's Palm House, its curving roof is glazed with about 18,000 small overlapping panes.

Bombed during the Siege of Leningrad, the glasshouse saved only about a thousand plants; its collections now exceed 12,000 taxa.

A palm house of 1900 from Tsarskoye Selo, reassembled in the 1930s in the Tauride Garden and now a tropical garden and concert hall.

Albert Kahn's palmarium, listed as a historic monument in 2015, closes the French garden where the banker once staged concerts.

Oslo's oldest palm tree grew here for nearly two centuries.

Inspired by the Crystal Palace, this glass palace houses a cycad planted as early as 1824.

Born when Frankfurt citizens bought the Duke of Nassau's winter-garden collection.

Under a wave-shaped roof rising to 17.40 m grow more than twenty palm species, including a Canary date palm planted in 1888.

Three climates, kept at minimums of 6 to 18 °C, under 4,900 m² of scale-like glazing hung on an iron frame of 1882.

Completed in 1959 as the great glasshouse of Vienna's municipal nursery, it was turned into a 700 m² display house in 1989.

A rare Amsterdam School glasshouse, built to keep a brilliant botanist from leaving.

A glass-and-iron palace prefabricated in Scotland and raised in 1878, one of the few large Victorian palm houses to survive.

60% destroyed by World War II bombing, Poland's largest greenhouse was rebuilt without ever losing its living collections.

A princely 1911-1913 greenhouse lined with volcanic tuff from Etna, at the foot of Książ Castle.

A manor glasshouse of the 1870s: a palm hall set between a peach wing and a vine wing, last renovated in 2014–2015.

A 1939 palm house built to overwinter the town's street plants, still keeping parts stamped with the Krupp name.

The glass palace was reborn from seeds frozen through the bombing raids.

A former orchid nursery turned into a 25,000 m² covered tropical park where more than 2,000 butterflies fly.

Founded at Marin in 1988 and rebuilt after a fire in 1995, the tropical garden moved in 2003 under a 40-metre dome at Kerzers.

The last show conservatory of its kind still in private hands in Denmark, restored from its original drawings and honoured by Europa Nostra in 2006.

Listed with the pazo in 2025, this 1900 greenhouse is rated among Galicia's finest for the lightness of its structure.

A 120 ft peach house, one of the longest in Devon, and a restored heated vinery in the walled gardens of Agatha Christie's holiday home.

A large Victorian glasshouse attached to a red-sandstone "people's palace", closed since 2018 pending a £35.9m restoration.

A glasshouse built for the 2021 Landesgartenschau, now the permanent home of the town's cactus collection, some of it over a century old.

At the heart of a Japanese garden opened in 2002, a two-storey timber-and-glass pavilion holds an indoor garden and a tea house.

Successor to an early 20th-century palm house lost in the war, this 1958 complex was judged too defining for the park to be demolished.

Four listed glasshouses of 1958, including a Coal Age flora house where a grove of 35 Wollemi pines was planted.

Three glass pyramids of 1985 housing rainforest, cloud forest and succulents, reopened in 2021 under membrane-cushion roofs.

Built in 1859-1861, it was then regarded as the largest greenhouse in Germany made entirely of cast iron.

A 1990 glass pyramid set in a retail park, where a rainforest and an arid zone now house more than forty animal species.

A complex of thirteen large glasshouses, inaugurated in 1958, whose twenty-year renovation ended in spring 2023.

Opened in 1961, these Jura glasshouses hold between 500 and 600 cactus species and more than 450 species of Tillandsia.

Former greenhouses of Baroness Julie de Rothschild, now the rare-plant reserve of the Geneva Botanical Garden, seen on guided visits only.

Opened by Diana in 1987, it gathers ten computer-controlled climates under one roof, from cool desert to tropical rainforest.

A park glasshouse closed from 2020 to 2026, reopened in July as a cafe among tropical plants, ahead of a zoo next door.

Originally designed for a separate urban project on Gellért Hill, the greenhouse ended up housing Budapest Zoo's miniature jungle.

The university botanical garden's 1865 palm house, immortalised in The Paul Street Boys.

One of the earliest surviving curvilinear iron glasshouses, restored by 2017 with over 7,500 hand-made panes.

A temperate house opened by Elizabeth II on 25 April 1995 in the Savill Garden, with winter-flowering mahonias, correas and camellias.

A 12 m-high glass nave opened in 2007 for the RHS bicentenary, bringing desert, tropical and temperate climates under one roof.

The glasshouses of a South Tyrolean orchid nursery, turned into a visitor trail with butterflies, lories, koi and, since 2026, an orangery.

A 107 m-high airship hangar, partly clad in ETFE, now sheltering 50,000 plants of more than 600 species.

A zoo built entirely under glass domes, devoted to the tropical forests of Asia, Africa and America.

Kitchen-garden glasshouses rebuilt on the rediscovered footings of the original range, with a vine house, a sunken Peach House and four climatic zones.

An Asian rainforest slope recreated under glass, at the heart of the world's oldest zoo.

A 21-metre glasshouse built against the rock face of a former quarry, with walkways that lead up into the canopy.

A municipal-nursery greenhouse of 1926 with its original steel frame restored, where diners eat among vegetables and herbs grown on site.

A 50-metre lean-to glasshouse in a Wexford walled garden, recorded as a ruin in 2009 and restored by the Irish Heritage Trust.

Wood-and-cast-iron greenhouses of 1901, slated for demolition in 1977, restored in 1992 and protected in 1994.

A 1940 hall by Sybold van Ravesteyn, designed as a winter garden, whose east wing keeps its original basin for the giant water lily.

A 43 m by 19.5 m temperate glasshouse built around 1975 on the site of two older houses, with mixed glass and polycarbonate glazing since 1988.

The only rococo orangery of its kind preserved in Germany, according to the Kyffhäuser nature park, with glazed wings fitted with sun-catchers.

Two glass pyramids, Romeo (16 m) and Julia (14 m), display some 1,200 exotic plants in one of the world's northernmost scientific gardens.

Palms planted at Archduke Franz Ferdinand's request still grow here, under glass rebuilt between 1995 and 2000.

A Florentine 'crystal palace' inaugurated in 1880 and presented as one of the largest glasshouses in Italy.

A rare nineteenth-century rotunda greenhouse still standing in Normandy, where pineapples and bananas were grown for the château's guests.

Open to the public for only a few weeks each year, in spring.

A long neo-Gothic nave of iron and glass built for the House of Savoy at the far end of the park of Racconigi Castle, a World Heritage site.

Successor to a ducal pineapple house of 1789, it holds one of the largest begonia collections in Germany.

Designed by Samuel Wyatt in 1780, this brick and Coade stone vinery came off the national Heritage at Risk Register in 2022.

A park glasshouse heated by ground-source heat pumps and an Archimedes screw on the Water of Leith, around a bust of Gandhi.

An 1894 Richardson glasshouse on a heated wall, given back its two wings by a £1 million restoration.

A 128 m² display glasshouse built in 1996 for cacti, Canary Islands plants and Mediterranean species.

Three parabolic steel-and-glass wings opened in June 2026, with a canopy walkway through a tropical house and a desert canyon.

Three iron-and-glass houses designed by Heinrich Hübsch, destroyed in 1944-1945, rebuilt and then restored until 2018.

A Baroque glasshouse of 1729–30 with what is described as Europe's largest continuous lead-glazed window front, warmed by underground hot air.

The glasshouses of Pückler's Schlossgärtnerei, growing pineapples again since 2012, house an exhibition on the history of the fruit.

Opened in 2000 to revive the park of the 1999 Bundesgartenschau, a glass pavilion where hundreds of tropical butterflies fly.

Glasshouses begun in 1776 to a design by Piermarini that still shelter cycads and more than 500 species of succulents.

Given to Liverpool by a benefactor in 1896, this iron glasshouse had its glass blown out by a bomb during the 1941 Blitz.

Built in 1889-1891 on the model of the Liège glasshouses, it shelters a Podocarpus neriifolius more than 120 years old at its centre.

Eight compartments, from an 18-metre palm pavilion to an orchid house, gather the warm-climate floras of the world on 2,500 m².

A neoclassical orangery of 1808 whose façade lines up seven glazed arches between Doric columns and thirty metopes carved with plants.

A Neo-Moorish greenhouse designed in 1839 by Giuseppe Jappelli, reopened in December 2021 after fourteen years of closure.

The oldest permanent structure of the Biennale grounds: an 1894 iron-and-glass tepidarium, now a café and plant space.

The queen's gardener's glasshouses, the botanical laboratory of the Reggia's English Garden, reopened in 2024 after eight years of closure.

Nineteenth-century greenhouses attributed to Jappelli, collapsed and then rebuilt in 2026 in black metal and glass, with a planted warm house.

One of the largest temperate glasshouses built in the UK in a century, framed entirely in glue-laminated larch.

Fitted out from 2018 in the former subtropical house, the French Guiana house recreates a tidal mangrove complete with mudskippers.

One of the largest publicly accessible glasshouse complexes in northern Germany, led by a tropical house some 18 metres high.

A cluster of themed glasshouses, led by a 12-metre-high tropical house, at the heart of a 20-hectare university garden.

The show houses of a garden founded in 1593 keep collections of bromeliads, tropical orchids and dry-climate plants from Madagascar.

Its 31-metre central orangery ranks among the tallest in the world, and plants that arrived in 1885 are still alive inside.

London's highest public garden: three planted levels beneath the glazed crown of the 'Walkie-Talkie' tower.

A pineapple-and-vine house designed by Soane in the 1790s, badly damaged by a bomb in 1941 and rebuilt in 1999.

A 1,000 m² glasshouse from a former Bornholm nursery, planted as a tropical forest where exotic butterflies fly free.

A glass hall more than 22 metres high, opened in 2023 on the site of the 1956 exotarium, halfway between botanic garden and zoo.

On an estate given by King Milan Obrenović, the Jevremovac greenhouse has stood in the heart of Belgrade since 1892.

Zagreb's greenhouse began as a marine aquarium before becoming, a century later, a jungle of palms in the heart of the city.

A glass-roofed conservatory by Philip Webb, where a hare's foot fern has been growing for more than a century.

More than a thousand cacti from the Hrovatin collection, the oldest fifty years old, under glass in Slovenia's most visited botanical garden.

A landscaped tropical greenhouse where about 2,000 butterflies fly free, presented by the farm as the largest display of its kind in the UK.

Opened in 1923 to house the city's palms, this protected glasshouse was restored in 2005 thanks to a citizens' campaign.

In a volunteer-run Chianti garden, a 200 m² tempered-glass greenhouse and a second house hold over 3,000 cacti and succulents.

On the shore of Lake Zurich, a set of municipal glasshouses holds one of the world's largest specialist collections of succulent plants.

Given by a patron to the Finnish Horticultural Society, this 1893 glasshouse has been open to the public free of charge since the day it opened.

The largest surviving Victorian glasshouse in the world.

Three Victorian glasshouses of 63 to 145 m² line the terrace of a walled garden in County Down, restored for the March 2026 reopening.

An 82-metre tropical dome heated with cooling water from the neighbouring nuclear power station.

Two 'Captain Rawes' camellias planted in 1850 still grow behind the glazing that Joseph Paxton fitted to this heated wall.

Seven glazed cast-iron domes with pineapple finials crown this stone conservatory, built around 1824 for the 15th Earl of Shrewsbury.

Designed in 1870 as a small concert hall with a stage and an organ, this cast-iron glasshouse has held tropical plants and a fish pond since 1982.

Built in five months for the Great Exhibition of 1851, it was glazed with 293,000 panes made by Chance Brothers of Smethwick.

A large ten-bay Victorian glass house designed around 1877 by Charles Howitt, its roof rising over the rear wall to form a clerestory.

A three-bay stone glasshouse under a glazed pyramidal roof, beside a battlemented tower, restored by the National Trust.

At 137 metres, it is the longest glasshouse anywhere in the care of the National Trust.

A contemporary structural-glass glasshouse, opened in 2003 above the River Leam in a restored Victorian park.

The glasshouses of a once-renowned orchid nursery, turned into a rainforest home for sloths, pygmy marmosets and dwarf caimans.

Beneath its octagonal glass dome, a large central pool holds more than a hundred fish and a wealth of water lilies.

Jeffry Wyatville's design was shown at the Royal Academy in 1811, a decade before the orangery was finally built.

A 1842 orangery threatened with demolition in 1979, restored in 1985 and looked after ever since by a friends' association.

An orangery of 1815 warmed by underfloor heating that used waste heat from the estate's brewhouse and laundry.

A classical orangery of the 1960s under a glass roof, overlooking the Fountain Court and sheltering vines and avocados.

A quarter-circle Mughal-style orangery with a glass roof and fifteen pointed arches, ending in an octagonal former aviary.

Walter Scott's Gothic glasshouse, which recalls a medieval tent, still holds part of its small original panes of glass.

Designed by Benjamin Broomhead Taylor after a competition judged by Joseph Paxton, the three domed pavilions reopened in 2003.

The third glasshouse on the same spot, this 185 m² replica follows the 1891 design and keeps cast-iron supports from its predecessor.

A pinery-vinery of the bishops of London, ruined then rebuilt in 2010, now growing tomatoes and cucumbers in a walled garden.

A Grade II listed vinery against the Arley Hall kitchen garden, where fig trees, passion flowers and the cafe's tomatoes grow together.

At the end of a yew-lined avenue, a reconstructed Victorian glasshouse brings together three climates, cacti, orchids and koi carp.

A 1969 aluminium-framed palm house holding rare palms donated by Kew, in the gardens of an abbey founded in 1196.

Nineteenth-century greenhouses dismantled at the Jardin des Plantes and rebuilt on boulevard de la Marne, where they grow 330,000 plants a year.

A university glasshouse whose banana plants have yielded more than 850 kg of fruit since 2013, beside Kleve's former harbour.

Papayas and star fruit grown in Upper Franconia, heated by the surplus process heat of a neighbouring glassworks.

A tropical house with 17 m of headroom, where a titan arum flowered for the first time in the Ruhr region in September 2017.

Opened in 1965 and listed as a monument with the whole garden in 2010, Solingen's Tropenhaus reopened in 2023 under new glazing.

In the 1998 Tropenhaus, Victoria water lilies and lotus flowers greet visitors at the entrance throughout the summer.

Built in 1902 to teach colonial agronomy, these glasshouses still shelter useful tropical plants more than a century old.

A 1963 group of five glasshouses whose glazing hangs from external profiles, leaving the interior free of supports.

Two houses set the lowland rainforest, with cacao and vanilla, against the montane forest of tree ferns and epiphytes.

Uppsala's only rainforest, saved from closure in 2005, holds a giant Victoria water lily with leaves up to two metres across.

A huge tropical greenhouse in the Drôme, heated by hot water from the cooling circuit of the Eurodif plant on the Tricastin nuclear site.

Built in 2014 on the site of a worn-out predecessor, it kept in place tropical plants that had been growing there for some fifty years.

Four climate rooms devoted to more than 200 taxa, 95% of them threatened, in the Stang-Alar valley.

Seven large themed greenhouses covering 2,500 m², from a palm house with threatened plants to a liana gallery and carnivorous plants.

The Czech Republic's oldest botanical garden (1895) gained, a century later, the country's most singular greenhouse complex, its footprint mimicking a cluster of crystals.

A 2017 glass hall raised over the old greenhouse so that the jungle and the Balinese temple never had to move.

At the UK's most northerly botanic garden, a tropical house with a waterfall and koi pool leads straight into a cactus house.

Built in 1890–1893, the 17-house complex holds over half of the garden's species; only the central Tropical House is open to visitors.

Designed by the Welsh-born architect John Belle, it recreates a tropical rainforest within the garden's Double Walled Garden.

Visitors enter through a mock derelict mineshaft that opens into the humid heat of a tropical rainforest.

A Victorian glasshouse built around a sunken tropical glen that visitors look down on from a balcony.

In the Canal Gardens of Roundhay Park, the largest collection of tropical plants in the United Kingdom after Kew's.

A succulent greenhouse donated for the university's ninth centenary in 1988, now under renovation, glass panes included.

Three acrylic calottes on a slender aluminium lattice, given back their original transparency by a renovation completed in 2013.

Set on the natural slope without any earthworks, this 2019 glasshouse holds Switzerland's largest collection of carnivorous plants.

A tropical greenhouse of about 1,000 m² on the Alsace wine route, where hundreds of exotic butterflies fly free.

The older houses, destroyed along with the orangery in the 1944 bombardments, were replaced in 1988 by exhibition houses for exotic plants.

A Washingtonia palm over a century old, sheltered each winter in a pupil-built mobile greenhouse, crowns a horticultural school's tropical collections.

One of the largest and tallest display greenhouses in the Czech Republic, it also recreates the Teplice landscape of 20 million years ago.

Six glass hexagons of different heights, carried on one concrete column, recall the flower umbels of cow parsley.

Two glasshouses in a row early on the zoo route: a tropical garden with sloths, reptiles and birds, then a cactus desert.

A 17-metre glass tetrahedron raised in 2004 beside the park's greenhouses to overwinter Mediterranean plants and house a restaurant.

A tropical hall of over 4,000 m² under a horticultural-greenhouse roof, with more than a hundred free-flying birds, waterfalls, cycads and figs.

By the mid-1780s Catherine II's orangeries here held ten thousand trees, tended by the German botanist Johann Rack.

A neoclassical orangery of 1897 by Walter Cave, rescued from ruin by the National Trust and open to visitors again.

Russia's first attempt at growing lemons in the ground under glass: 1,300 trees here yield 20 to 22 tonnes of fruit a year.

A South American rainforest rising through five levels inside a timber science centre that won Sweden's Träpriset in 2004.

Glasshouses in a university botanic garden: desert, alpine, warm-temperate and tropical, with a collection of Balearic Islands species.

An orchid house founded in 1886 and a pioneer of cloning, whose growing greenhouses of 1900 open during public open days.

A glazed house shelters the giant Victoria cruziana water lily each summer, grown at Villa Taranto since 1956, in front of a vertical garden.

Built for the giant Victoria water lily, it drew some 12,000 people in two days to see the plant in flower in 1931.

A tropical greenhouse whose pool, dominated by a stone face, carries the giant waterlily Victoria amazonica, in a composer's garden.

A cast-iron dome of 1900 built for the giant Victoria water lily, whose flowers open only at night.

Beneath a cast-iron crown, giant water lilies have reigned since 1870.

Built in 1905 for the Jameson whiskey family at Seamount, Malahide, this conservatory was re-erected at Ardgillan in the mid-1990s.

Lit by electricity as early as 1886, it was among the first places in Britain to have electric light, ahead of Buckingham Palace.

Thirteen Victorian glasshouses by Foster & Pearson, derelict until their restoration in the early 1990s, are still used to grow fruit and flowers.

Two A-listed palm houses, from 1834 and 1858, joined into a single space by a five-year restoration completed in October 2026.

A range of Victorian glasshouses, from a rare cucumber pit to vine and orchid houses, made by Weeks of Chelsea and Mackenzie & Moncur.

A glasshouse range some 60 m long built in the mid-1840s in a walled garden, re-glazed, roof included, in the early 1990s.

A lean-to glasshouse over 50 m long on the north wall of the walled garden, still growing peaches, apricots and grapes according to a local guide.

A glass-roofed Frisian orangery that now serves as a volunteer-run cactus house, open on summer Sundays.

An 1898 iron-and-glass dome built for the giant water lily, now beside a new Tropenhaus with a walk-through cloud forest house.

A 52-metre vine house, restored in the 1990s, where grapevines more than a century old are still grown.

A Victorian vine and peach house, Grade II listed and restored in 2000, still planted inside the castle's organic kitchen garden.

A 70 m vinery rebuilt in 2000 on the Victorian footings found by archaeologists, in one of Scotland's largest walled gardens.

Planned in stone, the dome over the museum's winter garden was finally built in iron and glass, in the manner of late nineteenth-century glasshouses.

Hundreds of tropical butterflies have flown free since 1998 in more than 900 m² of greenhouse on the edge of the Holtingerveld heath.

More than a thousand butterflies fly freely under a transparent air-cushion roof, in a tropical garden with a height difference of over 4 m.

The entrance to Jungola, a ruined temple inspired by Angkor under an ETFE roof, where butterflies fly among tropical plants.

A tropical dome clad in ETFE cushions, its shape calculated to catch the winter sun and keep out much of the summer sun.

A range of Mackenzie & Moncur glasshouses from 1915, restored after decades of neglect and reopened to the public in 2025 for the first time since 1981.

Five stepped Mackenzie & Moncur glasshouses in the walled garden at Crathes, one of them holding Malmaison carnations listed by Plant Heritage.

A lean-to glasshouse against the brick wall of the walled garden, where the National Trust displays exotic houseplants at waist height.

When it opened in 1852 to show off the giant Victoria waterlily, it was the widest single-span glasshouse in the world.

A forest path runs through a recreated Amazon rainforest where some twenty bird species fly free.

Prefabricated cast-iron glasshouses of 1852-53, built to overwinter orange trees and grow the giant Victoria water lily, now aviaries.

Keukenhof's largest indoor space ends each season with what the park bills as the world's largest lily show.

Three triangulated glass domes 8 m wide, recreated from the original plans, light the winter garden of the Palace of Pioneers.

A 1911 winter garden moved in 1935 to make way for the Avenue de la Paix, beside a neoclassical-inspired temperate house.

Its Victorian predecessor, modelled on the Crystal Palace, was wrecked by a mine in 1941; a glass rotunda took its place in 2001.

The winter garden of one of the world's oldest zoos, where tropical butterflies sometimes flutter beneath a 19th-century glass roof.

A glasshouse of cacti and succulents, partly arranged by geographical origin, in an 8-hectare garden and arboretum in Rotterdam.

Deep in the Wolfstal, a greenhouse open a few weeks a year shelters a white camellia more than 200 years old, listed as a cultural monument in 2000.

It keeps a Fockea in cultivation since the late 18th century, billed as the oldest potted succulent in the world.

Visitors enter this tropical glasshouse through a replica of the Nunnery of Chichén Itzá, leading into a Central American rainforest.

Built over nineteenth-century wine cellars, it holds a Canary Island date palm counted among the tallest grown under glass in Europe.

Seven glasshouses hold the Saxon camellia collection of the Seidel family, the first plant collection under monument protection in Germany.

Asian landscapes under glass, from the Himalaya to Borneo and Japan, sheltering the world's largest collection of rhododendrons.

A small baroque orangery, long used as a forestry shed, reopened after restoration with a large sloping glazed front.

Built for orange trees brought from Wilanów, Łańcut's neoclassical orangery yielded two original furnaces and heating channels during its renovation.

Nearly 4,500 specimens across more than 1,100 taxa grow in the historic Źródliska park, in central Łódź.

Created around 1875 to join two buildings of the Tiškevičius palace, this three-level winter garden was once lit by three electric arc lamps.